Evaluation of the heavy metals tolerant UV rays treated bacteria isolated from anthropogenic sites of Chambal region, India

Industrial waste is released into the environment and leads to various types of heavy metal, which are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in nature. Heavy metals are not biodegradable but accumulated by living organisms and cause diseases at even low concentrations. In this study, we selected four anthropogenic sites from Chambal region, isolated bacteria and investigated its heavy metal removal capability. The bacteria was isolated and identified as Escherichia coli (Ag-5), on the basis of biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence. Among the five (cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel and zinc) heavy metals studied, Ni2+ has been observed to be highly toxic with minimum inhibitory concentration score of 200 ppm. E. coli could tolerate Zn2+ (300 ppm), Cd2+ (400 ppm), Co2+ (400 ppm) and Pb+2 (500 ppm). Heavy metal tolerance capability was also evaluated by UV rays treated E. coli (Ag-5) isolate and compared with wild strain Ag-5. The result indicated that the tolerance capability was enhanced by UV rays treated bacterial isolate as compared to wild strain with respect to all tested heavy metals. Atomic absorption spectroscopy results revealed that wild strain removed 78.2% cadmium nitrate, while UV rays 30 and 60 s. exposed strain removed 85.9 and 83% cadmium nitrate. Wild strain removed 64.4% nickel chloride, while UV rays 30 and 60 s exposed strain removed 66.9 and 74.5% nickel chloride. The results indicate that indigenous E. coli treated with UV rays could serve as heavy metal tolerant bacteria and utilized in bioremediation processes.

Assessment of Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) Accumulation in Different Organs of Commercially Important Fish Species Collected from Chattogram Coastal Region of Bangladesh.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether there are any significant toxic effects of the widely exposed metals on different organs (gill, liver, kidney, and muscle) of some commercially important marine fish species (Herpodon nehereus, Pampus chinensis and Hilsa ilisha). Study Design: The collection of the samples was done from January to March 2018 from Bay of Bengal near Chattogram city of Bangladesh. The study is based on randomly collected samples from the intended sampling sites (Randomized Block Design) to ensure the evenness and unbiases of the collected samples. Methodology: Analyses were performed for metals such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). During each month, five individuals each with three replications from the three targeted species were collected, with a total of 135 (45*3) fishes in the study period. Results: The concentrations of the metals found in the fishes varied in the following ranges: As: 0.029-0.071 ppm, Pb: 0.008-0.083 ppm and Cr: 0.0001-0.03 ppm. The obtained result revealed the highest concentrations of all three metals were recorded in H.nehereus fish. The organ wise lead concentration was recorded highest in kidneys and gills of examined fishes with significant variation in muscles and liver. The scenario depicted quite differently in case of chromium where concentration in gills was found to be the highest with insignificant variation in accumulation in other three organs. In case of Arsenic, kidneys and livers were the most exposed two organs in comparison to significant exposure to muscles and gills. The obtained values of arsenic accumulation were considered critical for human consumption as it was higher than the recommended values stated by WHO and FAO; but the concentration of lead and chromium were found to be safe for human consumption. The values recorded for lead were increasingly approached to the safety values. Conclusion: So, crucial steps should be taken regarding safety and environmentally friendly discharge of arsenic and lead; high levels of pollution will not only affect aquatic life but will also invite socio-economic disasters.

Bioconcentración de metales pesados (Zn, Hg, Pb) en tejidos de Ariopsis felis y Diplodus annularis en el río Ranchería, norte de Colombia / Bioconcentration of heavy metals (Zn, Hg, Pb) in tissues of Ariopsis felis and Diplodus annularis in the Ranchería river, Northern Colombia

RESUMEN La contaminación por metales pesados en los ecosistemas acuáticos en el planeta es una de las más severas problemáticas que comprometen la seguridad alimentaria a nivel local, regional y global. En este estudio, se aborda el problema específico de la bioconcentración de mercurio (Hg), plomo (Pb) y Zinc (Zn) en los tejidos orgánicos de 2 de las especies de peces (Ariopsis felis y Diplodus annularis) de mayor importancia alimenticia para los pobladores rivereños del río Ranchería, al norte de Colombia. Las muestras de tejido orgánico se sometieron a una digestión ácida (HNO3 y HClO 4 en relación 3:1) y la cuantificación de los metales se realizó por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Adicionalmente, se midieron los niveles de los metales en el sedimento, con el objeto de determinar índices de calidad medioambientales, lo que permitió determinar que los metales pesados no presentan riesgo para los organismos acuáticos que habitan en esta zona. Se encontraron diferentes valores de concentración de metales pesados: en orden decreciente, Zn > Hg > Pb, en sedimento, y Hg > Zn > Pb, en el tejido biológico. Los resultados muestran que las concentraciones de los metales pesados presentes en el tejido de los peces y en el sedimento guardan una correlación positiva y una regresión lineal estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,001, p < 0,05). La presencia de metales pesados en el sedimento del río y de bioconcentrados en los peces podría derivarse de fuentes puntuales y difusas relacionadas con actividades agrícolas, pecuarias, mineras y aguas residuales.

ABSTRACT Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems in the area is one of the most severe problems that compromise food security at the local, regional and global levels. In this study, the specific problem of the bioconcentration of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) in 2 of the higher nutritional importance fish species (Ariopsis felis and Diplodus annularis) for the riverside inhabitants of the Ranchería river, in northern Colombia, is addressed. The organic tissue samples were subjected to acid digestion (HNO3 and HClO4 in a 3:1 ratio), and the quantification of metals was carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Additionally, the levels of metals in the sediment were measured, in order to determine environmental quality indices. This allow to determine that heavy metals do not present a risk to the aquatic organisms that inhabit this area. Different heavy metal concentration values were found: in decreasing order, Zn> Hg> Pb in sediment, and Hg> Zn> Pb in biological tissue. The results reveal that the concentrations of heavy metals present in fish tissue and sediment show a positive correlation, and a statistically significant linear regression (p = 0,001, p < 0,05). The presence of heavy metals in river sediment and bioconcentrates in fish could derive from point and diffuse sources related to agricultural, livestock, mining and wastewater activities.

Evaluation of Chromium and Manganese levels in sports supplements using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry / Avaliação do teor de Cromo e Manganês em suplementos esportivos por meio de espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite

ABSTRACT Objective In this paper, we studied three different types of ordinary sports supplements containing whey protein: whey protein-based ones, hypercaloric ones, and protein bars. Methods A sample preparation procedure was studied employing microwave-assisted wet digestion in order to determine the Chromium and Manganese levels by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results The developed methods have presented good accuracy (recoveries in the range of 90% to 109%) and precision (Relative standard deviation <8%). Although an adequate detectability was obtained (50ng g-1 for Manganese and 65ng g-1 for Chromium), the sample preparation method was also adequate to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis. The method was applied to 26 commercial samples, in which the Chromium concentrations were in the range between 0.22 and 1.0μg g-1 and the Manganese concentrations varied from 2.0 to 37μg g-1. Conclusion The results obtained by atomic absorption for both analytes were in agreement with those obtained by mass spectrometry. In addition, some samples presented concentrations of Chromium above the recommended daily intake and, as a result, we used the X-ray powder diffraction technique as an analytical tool to evaluate the oxidation state of Chromium in such samples.

RESUMO Objetivo Neste trabalho, foram estudados diferentes tipos de suplementos esportivos contendo proteína de soro de leite, conhecidos como: whey protein, hipercalóricos e barras de proteína. Métodos Um procedimento de preparo de amostras foi estudado com o emprego de digestão úmida assistida por micro-ondas, a fim de determinar os teores de cromo e manganês por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite. Resultados Os métodos adotados apresentaram boa exatidão (recuperações na faixa de 90 a 109%) e precisão (Desvio padrão relativo <8%). Embora tenha sido obtida uma capacidade de detecção adequada de 50ng g-1 para o manganês e de 65ng g-1 para o cromo, o método de preparo da amostra também se revelou adequado para a utilização em análises por espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado. O método foi aplicado a 26 amostras comerciais, cujas concentrações de cromo variaram entre 0,22 e 1,0μg g-1, e de manganês entre 2,0 e 37μg g-1. Conclusão Os resultados obtidos por absorção atômica, para ambos os analitos, mostraram-se de acordo com aqueles obtidos por espectrometria de massas. Além disso, algumas amostras apresentaram concentrações de cromo acima da recomendação de consumo diário e, como resultado, a técnica de difração de raios-X em pó foi utilizada como ferramenta analítica para avaliar o estado de oxidação do cromo em tais amostras.

Dynamic Changes of Trace Elements in Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza in Different Growth Periods / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish an atomic absorption spectrometry to determine the content of eight trace elements of Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza in different growth stages，namely K，Cu，Na，Mg，Fe，Zn，Ca and Mn. Method:Micro-digestion-atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the trace elements in the roots of Yu S. miltiorrhiza. The HPLC method was used to determine the content of active constituents of Yu S. miltiorrhiza. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis were used to evaluate the results. Result:The contents of trace elements in Yu S. miltiorrhiza in different growth periods were significantly different. Cu had a significant positive correlation with the growth period，while Zn，Ca and Mn had significant negative correlations with the growth period. The comprehensive score of Yu S. miltiorrhiza in December was the best. The content of index components was negatively correlated with Mn，Zn and Ca，and positively correlated with Cu，Fe and Na. In soil，Mg，Fe，Ca and Mn were correlated with Zn，Ca and Mn，while Mn was negatively correlated with Cu. The content of K and Mg in the crude drug increased gradually with the change of the growth period，and the overall score of annual Yu S. miltiorrhiza was the best. Conclusion:The change of trace elements in Yu S. miltiorrhiza in different periods has certain regularity. Trace elements in soil have impacts on trace elements in medicinal materials. Trace elements in medicinal materials are closely correlated with index components and quality of medicinal materials.

IImprovement of pretreatment method for detection of lead, manganese and their inorganic compounds in the air of workplace by flame atomic absorption spectrometry / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To improve the pretreatment method for the detection of lead, manganese and their inorganic compounds in workplace air samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. METHODS: In this method, 20.0 mL of 1.0-2.0 mol/L nitric acid solution was used as the digestion solution to digest the microporous membrane sample at 140-160 ℃ to a volume of 0.5-1.0 mL. Samples were cooled and fixed to 10 mL and detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. RESULTS: The lead detection had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.10-3.00 mg/L. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 5, the detection limit and the lower limit of quantification were 0.03 and 0.10 mg/L respectively(calculated by 3 and 10 times of standard deviation respectively). The minimum detection concentration was 0.004 mg/m~3, and the minimum quantitative concentration was 0.010 mg/m~3(collected by 75 L air calculation). The manganese detection had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.05-3.00 mg/L mass concentration. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 8, the detection limit and the lower limit of quantification were 0.015 and 0.05 mg/L respectively(calculated by 3 and 10 times of standard deviation respectively), the minimum detection concentration was 0.002 mg/m~3, and the minimum quantitative concentration was 0.007 mg/m~3(based on collection 75 L air calculation). The recovery rate of standard addition was 97.8%-99.6%, and the relative standard deviation within and between run were 0.4%-2.0% and 0.4%-1.7% respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, the reagent consumption is small, the digestion temperature is low, the precision and accuracy are high. This method is suitable for widespread use.

Evaluation the Health Impact of Some Heavy Metals in Milk from Markets

This study focuses on the heavy metals concentrations (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in certain common milk species are collected from Iraqi markets using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer-6300 AA, Shimadzu, Japan, respectively. This study shows the pollution in the environment obtained by heavy metals. The results showed that Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Fe were varying according to the order: Zn>Fe>Cr>Cd>Cu. levels of heavy metals were 0.610(Cr), 0.125(Cd), 0.052(Cu), and 6.902(Zn), and 0.759(Fe). All the heavy metals were observed within maximum limit in milk. Overall, the number of analyzed heavy metals and sample size were limited in present study. Keywords: Heavy metals; Milk; Najaf; Flame atomic absorption; Spectrophotometer This study focuses on the heavy metals concentrations (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in certain common milk species are collected from Iraqi markets using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer-6300 AA, Shimadzu, Japan, respectively. This study shows the pollution in the environment obtained by heavy metals. The results showed that Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Fe were varying according to the order: Zn>Fe>Cr>Cd>Cu. levels of heavy metals were 0.610(Cr), 0.125(Cd), 0.052(Cu), and 6.902(Zn), and 0.759(Fe). All the heavy metals were observed within maximum limit in milk. Overall, the number of analyzed heavy metals and sample size were limited in present study

Contenido de minerales en arroces y productos industriales elaborados a base de arroz / Content of minerals in rice and industrial products rice-based elaborated

El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es un alimento básico para más de la mitad de la población mundial. Su producción anual en Argentina es cercana a 1,5 millones de toneladas, de las cuales el 35% se destina al consumo interno y el resto se exporta. El procesamiento industrial genera arroces con distinto grado de refinamiento, los de mayor consumo en Argentina son el blanco e integral y en menor proporción el glaseado o perlado y el parboil. También se consumen otras variedades como el arroz integral yamaní. Los comercios ofrecen productos a base de arroz como galletitas y productos de preparación rápida. Con el objetivo de obtener datos actualizados para ser incorporados en la base de datos de composición de alimentos de la Universidad Nacional de Luján, se determinó el contenido de Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn y agua en arroces crudos y hervidos y en productos elaborados a base de arroz consumidos en Argentina. El contenido de minerales en arroces presentó el siguiente orden: blanco ~ glaseado < parboil < integral ~ yamaní. Esto se debe a que la distribución de los minerales en el grano no es homogénea, su concentración es mayor en el germen y las capas externas de arroz que en el endospermo de almidón. Todos los arroces crudos y hervidos pueden clasificarse como "muy bajo contenido de sodio", no así los productos elaborados, donde el contenido de este mineral se incrementa considerablemente. El arroz aporta cerca del 27% de la IDR de cobre y es "alimento fuente" para este mineral. El hervor afecta el contenido de minerales en el arroz, dependiendo del grado de refinamiento industrial, de los parámetros del proceso de cocción (temperatura, tiempo, cantidad de agua, con o sin colado) y del contenido de minerales en el agua utilizada(AU).

More than half of the world's population includes rice (Oryza sativa L.) in their daily food. Annual production in Argentina is close to 1,5 million tons; 35% is destined for domestic consumption and the rest is exported. During the industrial process, different degree of refinement is obtained; being the white and integral rice the most consumed in Argentina and, to a lesser extent, the glazed or pearl, and the parboil one. Other varieties, such as Yamaní brown rice, are also consumed. Shops offer several ricebased products, such as cookies and convenience foods. In order to obtain updated data to be incorporated into the food composition database of the National University of Luján; Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and water content in raw and boiled rice and in rice based products consumed in Argentina was determined. The content of minerals in rice presented the following order: white ~ glazed < parboil < integral ~ yamaní. This is so due to the inhomogeneous distribution of minerals in the grain: concentration is higher in the germ and in the outer layers of rice than in the starch endosperm. All raw and boiled rice can be classified as "very low sodium content" except in the processed products, in which the content of this mineral increased considerably. Rice contributes about 27% of the copper RDI and it is "key source" for this mineral. Boiling affects the mineral content in the rice, depending on the degree of industrial refinement, the parameters of the cooking process (temperature, time, amount of water, with or without brewing) and the mineral content in the water used(AU).

Effect of foliar fertilization with zinc and manganese sulfate on yield, dry matter accumulation, and zinc and manganese contents in leaf and seed of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

To investigate the effects of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) foliar fertilization on yield, dry matter accumulation,Zn and Mn concentrations in leaf and seed of chickpea cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in 2014. Theexperimental design was a split plot in randomized complete block with three replications. The phenological stagesrecorded were as follows: Emergence, flowering, 50% flowering, and harvest maturity. At harvest, economic yieldand its components, biological yield, harvest index, stem, leaf, pod, seed, and total dry weight were measured. TheZn and Mn contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicated that the spraying ofZn and Mn elements did not have a significant effect on the time from emergence to 50% flowering and the timefrom emergence to maturation. Spraying treatments had a significant effect on dry weight of stems, leaves, pods,seeds, and total plant. In all three cultivars, Zn spraying had the greatest effect on the plant height, number of pods perplant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, and dry weight of leaves, seeds, andtotal plant, while Mn spraying had the greatest effect on the increase in stem and pod dry weight and protein content.

Effect of Nano-Pulsed Cold Laser (NPCL) Light on Calcium and Phosphate Loss from Dental Enamel During In-office Bleaching with High Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Using Atomic Absorption Spectophotometer

To assess calcium and phosphate loss from enamel using 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel with additional application of light emitting diode (LED), Diode laser and Nano-Pulsed Cold laser (NPCL) light sources compared to that of 37.5% HP alone using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Methods: Twenty teeth were sectioned to obtain mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiopalatal and distopalatal specimens. The specimens were randomly assigned to four equal groups. 37.5% HP of 1mm thickness was applied to the enamel surface of each specimen. Each group received three cycles of bleaching of 8 minute’s duration. Group II, III & IV received additional application of LED, Diode laser & cold laser light respectively. Results: Data was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. Group III showed the maximum loss of ions while Group IV showed the least loss and the differences were statistically significant (P < .05). Conclusion: Teeth treated with 37.5% hydrogen peroxide with application of Nano-Pulsed Cold Laser (NPCL) light presented with significantly minimal calcium and phosphate loss

Effect of nutrition on copper and zinc concentrations in human milk

Background: The gross composition of human milk is remarkably constant among women of varying nutritional status. Reliable information is now available on the content, and the principal factor affecting it, of most of the trace elements on human milk. However, for some of the trace elements, there is still a wide variation in reported values in the literature, which is due at least in part, to analytical difficulties. Hence this study was taken up to find out if maternal nutritional status influences the copper and zinc concentrations in colostrum of mother.Methods: Total of 100 mothers were enrolled in the study after obtaining prior informed consent. They were divided into 2 groups - group I had 50 malnourished mothers and group II had 50 well-nourished mothers. Sample digestion was attempted with different quantities of various acids. Analysis of digested colostrum was carried out for copper and zinc.Results: The mean levels of copper and zinc were slightly more among well-nourished than malnourished women. Values of copper were significantly higher in the colostrum of well-nourished as compared to that of the malnourished mothers.Conclusions: The parameters of weight, height weight/height ratio and hemoglobin varied significantly between the well-nourished and malnourished mothers. The difference in milk content of malnourished and well-nourished mothers is not significant for zinc. However, copper levels were significantly higher in well-nourished mothers.

Difference of Copper ，Lead，Cadmium，Mercury and Arsenic in the Single Decoction and Combined Decoction of Huangqi Jianzhong Decoction / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To study the difference of the contents of copper， lead， cadmium， mercury and arsenic in the single decoction and combined decoction of Huangqi jianzhong decoction （containing Astragali radix， Cinnamomi ramulus， Paeoniae radix alba， prepared Glycyrrhiza uralensis， Zingiberis rhizoma recens， Jujubae fructus）， and to provide reference for safe use of TCM in clinic. METHODS： Samples of medicinal materials， single decoction and combined decoction were prepared from different medicinal materials； the contents of copper， lead， cadmium， mercury and arsenic in various samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry， which were compared with the limits of copper （＜20 mg/kg）， lead （＜5 mg/kg）， cadmium （＜0.3 mg/kg）， mercury （＜0.2 mg/kg） and arsenic （＜2 mg/kg） content stated in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia and Green Trade Standards of Importing Exporting Medicinal Plants Preparations. The difference of 5 elements contents were compared between single decoction and combined decoction. RESULTS： Among the 6 medicinal materials， the cadmium content of Cinnamomi ramulus and Zingiberis rhizoma recens exceeded the standard， 0.32， 0.74 mg/kg， respectively （copper， lead， mercury and arsenic all met the requirements）， and the 5 elements content of other medicinal materials all met the requirements； the contents of copper， lead， cadmium， mercury and arsenic in the single and combined decoction meet the requirements； compared with the medicinal materials， the contents of copper， lead， cadmium， mercury and arsenic in the single decoction were lower （P＜0.01）； compared with mixture of single decoction， the contents of copper and mercury in combined decoction were lower （P＜0.01）， while the contents of lead， cadmium and arsenic in the decoction were higher （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： For Huangqi jianzhong decoction， combined decoction can reduce the dissolution of copper and mercury， and increase the dissolution of lead， cadmium and arsenic. The possible reason is that the interaction of various components in the co-decoction process changes the solubility of copper， lead， cadmium， mercury and arsenic.

Comparing three methods for detection of urinary mercury / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To compare the advantages and disadvantages and application range of three methods for detection of urinary mercury. These methods include alkaline stannous chloride cold atomic absorption spectrometry, acid stannous chloride cold atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. METHODS: The detection limits, accuracy and precision in these three methods were compared. RESULTS: The alkaline stannous chloride cold atomic absorption method and acidic stannous chloride cold atomic absorption method had a wide linear range(1.000-10.000 μg/L). The detection limit was high(0.265 and 0.556 μg/L, respectively). The atomic fluorescence spectrometry had the narrowest linear range(0.400-2.000 μg/L) and the lowest detection limit(0.048 μg/L). The average spiked recoveries of the above three methods were 95.93%-101.02%, 92.49%-98.72% and 95.96%-99.57%. The relative standard deviations within and between batches of these three methods were less than 5.00%. The addition recovery of organic mercury by alkaline cold chloride atomic absorption method was 80.91%. The recoveries of inorganic mercury and organic mercury by other methods were close to 100.00%. CONCLUSION: All three methods meet the daily needs of detecting urinary mercury. Among them, alkaline stannous chloride cold atomic absorption method is suitable for promotion in primary laboratories as a preliminary screening method. The atomic fluorescence spectrometry is suitable for the detection of microscale and trace amount of urinary mercury.

Study of effect of maternal nutrition on breast milk trace elements in malnourished versus well-nourished mothers

Background: Minerals and trace element content of human milk have been a matter of concern among nutritionist in relation to the availability of the essential elements to the new born. Mineral and trace elements occur in the body in a number of chemical forms, such as inorganic ions and salts, or as constituents of organic molecules, for example proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. There is a paucity of data on the effect of nutrition on the composition of trace elements in milk and its effect on the infant. Hence a comparison made between the trace element and mineral such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, calcium in milk of malnourished and well-nourished mothers in order to determine the effect of maternal nutrition on the quality of milk and its effect on the growth and physical development of the new-born.Methods: Around 100 mothers were enrolled in the study after obtaining prior informed consent. They were divided into 2 groups-group I had 50 malnourished mothers and group II had 50 well-nourished mothers. The pre-fed milk sample which was collected was stored at - 20℃ until it was processed. It was thawed and analysed for copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium.Results: The mean levels of trace elements (iron and zinc) and minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) were slightly more among well-nourished than malnourished women. Values of only copper were significantly higher in the colostrum of well-nourished as compared to that of the malnourished mothers.Conclusions: The parameters of weight, height weight/height ratio and hemoglobin varied significantly between the well-nourished and malnourished mothers. The difference in milk content of malnourished and well-nourished mothers is not significant for sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc. However, copper levels were significantly higher in well-nourished mothers.

Multivariate approach to assess in vitro Fe bioaccessibility in chicken meat

Abstract A 32 factorial design was employed to develop an in vitro digestion method for estimation of Fe bioaccessible fractions in cooked chicken meat. The effects of sample size and the in vitro bioaccessible fractions of this essential element were evaluated. A sample preparation method employing a microwave assisted digestion with dilute nitric acid was used prior to total Fe determination. For the bioacessibility studies, the optimized procedure employed 7.5 g of sample and 6% w/v of an acid pepsin solution. This procedure was applied to two kinds of chicken meat samples: breast and liver. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was used to determine total and bioaccessible (chyme or soluble portion) levels of iron in the samples. With respect to total Fe content, the bioaccessible fractions of Fe found in these samples were around 23% and 56 %, for breast and chicken liver, respectively. The chicken liver sample showed the highest total (400 ± 10 mg kg-1) and bioaccessible Fe contents (223 ± 18 mg kg-1) and stands out as a good source of this micronutrient.

Determination of Six Heavy Metals in Iron Filings and Ferric Ammonium Citrate by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry / 中国药师

Objective:To establish an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for the determination of 6 heavy elements in-cluding lead,cadmium,mercury, arsenic, copper and chromium in iron filings and ferric ammonium citrate in order to control the quality and ensure people's daily medicine safety.Methods:The determination method for lead,cadmium,chromium,copper,arse-nic and mercury was a graphite furnace method, a graphite furnace method, a graphite furnace method, a flame method, a hydride method and a cold steam absorption method,respectively. Results:The concentration of lead within the range of 0-50 ng·ml-1had a good linear relationship with the absorbance(r=0.999 8),and the average recovery was 98.9%(RSD=2.3%,n=6). The concen-tration of cadmium within the range of 0-4 ng·ml-1had a good linear relationship with the absorbance(r=0.999 1),and the average recovery was 90.5%(RSD=1.5%,n=6). The concentration of chromium within the range of 0-50 ng·ml-1had a good linear rela-tionship with the absorbance(r=0.999 7),and the average recovery was 96.1%(RSD=1.1%,n=6). The concentration of copper within the range of 0-800 ng·ml-1had a ood linear relationship with the absorbance (r=0.999 9), and the average recovery was 97.5%(RSD=1.2%,n=6). The concentration of arsenic within the range of 0-16 ng·ml-1had a good linear relationship with the absorbance (r=0.999 0),and the average recovery was 93.4%(RSD =1.1%, n =6). The concentration of mercury within the range of 0-18 ng·ml-1had a good linear relationship with the absorbance(r=0.999 2),and the average recovery was 93.2%(RSD=3.8%,n=6). Conclusion:The method with good repeatability is accurate,which can be used for the quality control of iron filings and ferric ammonium citrate.

Contents Determination of 5 Heavy Metals in Tibetan Medicine Ershiwuwei Shanhu Pills by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the contents determination of 5 heavy metals in Ershiwuwei shanhu pills, and to investigate the contents of heavy metals in Ershiwuwei shanhu pills produced by 5 manufacturers from different districts of Tibet. METHODS:Ershiwuwei shanhu pills were digested by HNO3-HClO4(4:1,V/V).The contents of 3 heavy metals as Cu,Pb, Cd in samples were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS). The contents of 2 heavy metals as As,Hg in samples were measured by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry(HG-AAS). RESULTS:5 kinds of heavy metals have good linear relationship in the corresponding mass concentration range(all r≥0.999 1). The limits of detection of Cu,Pb, Cd were 0.001 6,0.041 2,0.036 3 mg/L,and the limits of quantitation were 0.005 3,0.137 3,0.121 0 mg/L;the limits of detection of As,Hg were 0.325 7,0.692 3 μg/L,and the limits of quantitation were 1.085 7,2.307 7 μg/L. RSDs of precision tests were ≤5.54%(n=6);RSDs of stability tests were all≤3.79%;RSDs of reproducibility tests were ≤3.72%. The average recovery rates were 91.34%-110.11%(RSDs were 0.66%-6.80%,n=6). Results of contents determination showed that the contents of Cu in samples from 5 manufacturers were not out of limits,but the contents of Cd and Hg were all out of limits; the contents of Pb in samples from 4 manufacturers were out of limits,and the contents of As in samples from 2 manufacturers were out of limits. CONCLUSIONS:The established method has good accuracy,sensitivity,stability and reproducibility,and it is suitable for contents determination of 5 heavy metals in Ershiwuwei shanhu pills. To some extent,there is a problem of excessive heavy metals in samples from 5 manufacturers.

Methodological evaluation of urinary mercury detection using Zeeman atomic absorption mercury analyzer / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the method for detection of urinary mercury using a Zeeman atomic absorption mercury analyzer and to provide a reference for selecting a convenient method for mercury detection in experiments and clinical diagnoses. Methods Urinary mercury was detected by Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy (ZAAS) and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS), and the detection limit, accuracy, precision and consistency of the two methods were compared. Results The Data collected by ZAAS and HG-AAS showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0 -1000 ng/mL (ZASS, R2 =1. 0000) and 0 -20 ng/mL (HG-AAS, R2 =0. 9990). The detection limits of ZAAS was 0. 156 ng/mL and that of HG-AAS was 1. 593 ng/mL, indicating that ZAAS is more sensitive. The recovery rate of standard addition of ZAAS was between 97. 5％ and 103. 2％, and that of HG-AAS was between 95. 6％ and 104. 5％. After measurement of 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL mercury standard solutions repeated for 10 times, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of ZAAS was 0. 30％ and 0. 36％ respectively, and the RSD of HG-AAS was 2. 82％ and 1. 11％, respectively. The accuracy and precision of both the two method met the standards of GBZ/T 210. 5-2008, and the precision of ZAAS was better. A total of 30 urine samples were measured by these two methods. The results were compared with paired-samples t-test and showed a non-significant difference (P ＞ 0. 05), indicating a high consistency of these two method (R2 =0. 9961). Conclusions ZAAS is a convenient and accurate method for the detection of urinary mercury, with a relatively low detection limit and better precision.

Glutathione Modified Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Cadmium / 分析化学

A new derivative of ordered mesoporous carbon (GSH-CMK-3) has been prepared by chemical modification and functionalization of ordered mesoporous carbon with glutathione. The composite was fully characterized by means of Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). GSH-CMK-3 showed favorable chemical stability, thermal stability and excellent adsorption performance toward Cd2+and a maximum adsorption capacity of 87.87 mg/g was achieved. The adsorption kinetic follows pseudo-second-order adsorption model. In a sequential injection mini-column separation system, 0. 006 mol/L sulfourea (in 0. 2 mol/L HNO3) was adopted as eluent and the elution efficiency was 96%. With a sample volume of 1000 μL and 50 μL of eluate, an enrichment factor of 17.3 was obtained. A procedure for on-line selective separation and preconcentration of trace Cd2+was developed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Along with a detection limit of 1.9 ng/L (n=7,3σ) and a linear range of 0.05-0.20 μg/L, a RSD of 2.9% (n=13,100 ng/L) was achieved. The method was validated by analyzing Cd2+in a certified reference material GBW08608.

Metales pesados (Cd, Cu, V, Pb) en agua lluvia de la zona de mayor influencia de la mina de carbón en La Guajira, Colombia / Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, V, Pb) in rainwater in the most influence area of the coal mine in La Guajira, Colombia / Metais pesados (Cd, Cu, V, Pb) na água de chuva na área de influência da mina de carvão em La Guajira, Colômbia

Resumen Con el objetivo de medir la influencia que ejercen las actividades mineras de la explotación del carbón sobre la calidad del aire en las comunidades ubicadas en el área de influencia al norte de Colombia, se realizó una medición de los niveles de los metales pesados Cu, Cd, V y Pb en 21 muestras de agua lluvia. Este estudio se realizó por periodo de un año, mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica electrométrica. El promedio de las concentraciones de los metales fueron: Cu 23,47 ± 13,97 µg/L, Cd 4,72 ± 3,29 µg/L y V 11,25 ± 6,75 µg/L. Los resultados sugieren que la atmósfera no se encuentra contaminada por Pb, pero las actividades mineras (las excavaciones y voladuras, la combustión de combustibles fósiles, de crudos de petróleo y gasoil, las fuentes de tráfico vehicular, etc.) afectan significativamente la presencia y los niveles de los demás metales incluidos en el estudio. La contaminación en la zona influye en que el agua lluvia no cumpla con las normas de calidad, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, ya que los parámetros de pH y Cd superan los límites permisibles y por tanto no es apta para el consumo humano.

Abstract To measure the influence of coal mining activities on air quality in northern Colombia, a first approach was made to assess pollution by measuring the levels of the heavy metals Cu, Cd, V, and Pb in 21 samples of rainfall over a one year period, by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The average concentrations of metals in the study area in wet precipitation were: Cu 23.47 ± 13.97 µg/L, Cd4.72 ± 3.29 µg/L y V 11.25 ± 6.75 µg/L. The results suggest that the atmosphere is not polluted by Pb, but mining activities (excavation and blasting, combustion of fossil fuels, crude oil and gas oil, and vehicular traffic sources) may significantly affect the presence and the levels of the other studied metals. Contamination in the area makes rain water infringe the quality standards, both nationally and internationally, since the parameters of pH and Cd exceed the permissible limits, therefore it is not suitable for human consumption.

Resumo A fim de medir a influência que exercem as atividades de mineração de carvão sobre a qualidade do ar nas comunidades localizadas na área de influência ao norte da Colômbia, foram medidos os níveis de metais pesados Cu, Cd, V e Pb em 21 amostras de água da chuva. Este estudo foi feito ao longo de um ano, mediante espectrometria de absorção atômica eletrométrica. As concentrações médias dos metais foram: Cu 23,47 ± 13,97 µg/L, Cd 4,72 ± 3,29 µg/L e V 11,25 ± 6,75 µg/L. Os resultados sugerem que a atmosfera não está contaminada por Pb, mas as atividades de mineração (escavação e detonação, a queima de combustíveis fósseis, petróleo bruto e diesel, e o tráfego de veículos) afetam significativamente a presença e os níveis dos outros metais incluídos no estudo. A poluição faz que a água da chuva não atenda aos padrões de qualidade, tanto a nível nacional como internacional, posto que os parâmetros de pH e Cd excedem os limites admissíveis e, portanto, fazem que à água seja imprópria para consumo humano.